Senin, 19 September 2016

Contoh Analisis Prosa



ANALYSIS OF PROSE
A Farewell to Arms
By Ernest Hemingway (1929)
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Compiled by:
Fatma Nur Lisa
2314026

PENDIDIKAN BAHASA INGGRIS
FAKULTAS BAHASA DAN SASTRA
UNIVERSITAS PESANTREN TINGGI DARUL ULUM JOMBANG
2016


Chapter I
Summary of “A Farewell to Arms”
     Lieutenant Frederic Henry is a young American ambulance driver serving in the Italian army during World War I. At the beginning of the novel, the war is winding down with the onset of winter, and Henry arranges to tour Italy. The following spring, upon his return to the front, Henry meets Catherine Barkley, an English nurse’s aide at the nearby British hospital and the love interest of his friend Rinaldi. Rinaldi, however, quickly fades from the picture as Catherine and Henry become involved in an elaborate game of seduction. Grieving the recent death of her fiancé, Catherine longs for love so deeply that she will settle for the illusion of it. Her passion, even though pretended, wakens a desire for emotional interaction in Henry, whom the war has left coolly detached and numb.
     When Henry is wounded on the battlefield, he is brought to a hospital in Milan to recover. Several doctors recommend that he stay in bed for six months and then undergo a necessary operation on his knee. Unable to accept such a long period of recovery, Henry finds a bold, garrulous surgeon named Dr.Valentini who agrees to operate immediately. Henry learns happily that Catherine has been transferred to Milan and begins his recuperation under her care. During the following months, his relationship with Catherine intensifies. No longer simply a game in which they exchange empty promises and playful kisses, their love becomes powerful and real. As the lines between scripted and genuine emotions begin to blur, Henry and Catherine become tangled in their love for each other.
     Once Henry’s damaged leg has healed, the army grants him three weeks convalescence leave, after which he is scheduled to return to the front. He tries to plan a trip with Catherine, who reveals to him that she is pregnant. The following day, Henry is diagnosed with jaundice, and Miss Van Campen, the superintendent of the hospital, accuses him of bringing the disease on himself through excessive drinking. Believing Henry’s illness to be an attempt to avoid his duty as a serviceman, Miss Van Campen has Henry’s leave revoked, and he is sent to the front once the jaundice has cleared. As they part, Catherine and Henry pledge their mutual devotion.
     Henry travels to the front, where Italian forces are losing ground and manpower daily. Soon after Henry’s arrival, a bombardment begins. When word comes that German troops are breaking through the Italian lines, the Allied forces prepare to retreat. Henry leads his team of ambulance drivers into the great column of evacuating troops. The men pick up two engineering sergeants and two frightened young girls on their way. Henry and his drivers then decide to leave the column and take secondary roads, which they assume will be faster. When one of their vehicles bogs down in the mud, Henry orders the two engineers to help in the effort to free the vehicle. When they refuse, he shoots one of them. The drivers continue in the other trucks until they get stuck again. They send off the young girls and continue on foot toward Udine. As they march, one of the drivers is shot dead by the easily frightened rear guard of the Italian army. Another driver marches off to surrender himself, while Henry and the remaining driver seek refuge at a farmhouse. When they rejoin the retreat the following day, chaos has broken out: soldiers, angered by the Italian defeat, pull commanding officers from the melee and execute them on sight. The battle police seize Henry, who, at a crucial moment, breaks away and dives into the river. After swimming a safe distance downstream, Henry boards a train bound for Milan. He hides beneath a tarp that covers stockpiled artillery, thinking that his obligations to the war effort are over and dreaming of his return to Catherine.
     Henry reunites with Catherine in the town of Stresa. From there, the two escape to safety in Switzerland, rowing all night in a tiny borrowed boat. They settle happily in a lovely alpine town called Montreux and agree to put the war behind them forever. Although Henry is sometimes plagued by guilt for abandoning the men on the front, the two succeed in living a beautiful, peaceful life. When spring arrives, the couple moves to Lausanne so that they can be closer to the hospital. Early one morning, Catherine goes into labor. The delivery is exceptionally painful and complicated. Catherine delivers a stillborn baby boy and, later that night, dies of a hemorrhage. Henry stays at her side until she is gone. He attempts to say goodbye but cannot. He walks back to his hotel in the rain.


Chapter II
Ø The Author’s Life
Ernest Hemingway was born in Oak Park, Illinois, in the summer of 1899. He later portrayed his middle-class parents rather harshly, condemning them for their conventional morality and values. As a young man, he left home to become a newspaper writer in Kansas City. Early in 1918, he joined the Italian Red Cross and served as an ambulance driver in Italy during World War I, in which the Italians allied with the British, French, and Americans against Germany and Austria-Hungary. During his time abroad, Hemingway had two experiences that affected him profoundly and that would later inspire one of his most celebrated novels, A Farewell to Arms. The first occurred on July 8, 1918, when a trench mortar shell struck him while he crouched beyond the front lines with three Italian soldiers. Though Hemingway embellished the story over the years, it is certain that he was transferred to a hospital in Milan, where he fell in love with a Red Cross nurse named Agnes von Kurowsky. Scholars are divided over Agnes’s role in Hemingway’s life and writing, but there is little doubt that his relationship with her informed the relationship between Lieutenant Henry and Catherine Barkley in A Farewell to Arms.
After his recovery, Hemingway spent several years as a reporter, during which time he honed the clear, concise, and emotionally evocative writing style that generations of authors after him would imitate. In September 1921, he married his first of four wives and settled in Paris, where he made valuable connections with American expatriate writers including Gertrude Stein and Ezra Pound. Hemingway’s landmark collection of stories, In Our Time, introduced Nick Adams, one of the author’s favorite protagonists, whose difficult road from youth into maturity he chronicled. Hemingway’s reputation as a writer, however, was most firmly established by the publication of The Sun Also Rises in 1926 and A Farewell to Arms in 1929.
Critics generally agree that A Farewell to Arms is Hemingway’s most accomplished novel. It offers powerful descriptions of life during and immediately following World War I and brilliantly maps the psychological complexities of its characters using a revolutionary, pared-down prose style. Furthermore, the novel, like much of Hemingway’s writing during what were to be his golden years, helped to establish the author’s myth of himself as a master of many trades: writing, soldiering, boxing, bullfighting, big-game hunting.
Hemingway was skilled, to a greater or lesser extent, in each of these arts, but most critics maintain that his writing fizzled after World War II, when his physical and mental health declined. Despite fantastic bouts of depression, Hemingway did muster enough energy to write The Old Man and the Sea, one of his most beloved stories, in 1952. This novella earned him a Pulitzer Prize, and three years later Hemingway was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Still, not even these accolades could soothe the devastating effects of a lifetime of debilitating depression. On July 2, 1961, Hemingway killed himself in his home in Ketchum, Idaho.
Ø The Social Background

In 20th century the whole world has been through lots of wars and social conflicts. All the aspects of life came about the same general concepts of love, war, isolation of man, democracy, freedom, individuality and fame. Likewise, Hemingway, a writer of novels and short stories, in his works' themes he had mainly focused on: Masculinity, death, fatalistic heroism and isolation as major factors of twentieth century. Doubtlessly that is because the writer himself had been through such hard experiments; either personally or as a witness to what is mentioned of wars and social issues around the world, from USA to Cuba in Americas to France, Italy and Spain in Europe, and Africa as well. Generally, Hemingway's works were influenced by the society of his time in two different eras; those are WWI, Italy, and France, then WWII, Spanish Civil War, Cuba and Posthumous Work.






Chapter III
Analysis among the novel “A Farewell to Arms”,
 the author’s life, and the social background
     The character of Frederic has many similarities to Hemingway. For starters, he's an American living in Europe. Hemingway spent a lot of time in Europe, working for the Red Cross and also as a foreign correspondent for various American publications. Both the character of Frederic and Ernest Hemingway himself worked as ambulance drivers for the Italian Army in World War I, he got injured and fell in love with the nurse who cared for them. In Hemingway's real life, the nurse in question was named Agnes von Kurowsky. In A Farewell to Arms, her name is Catherine Barkley.
     The character of Catherine Barkley has sparked a lot of debate amongst literary critics, particularly in relationship to what her character says about Hemingway's attitude towards women. Catherine, by Hemingway's description, is almost impossibly beautiful with apparently the most amazing hair this side of Rapunzel. Feminist critics tend to find Catherine too submissive, too willing to do anything to make Frederic happy and keep his love, and having no will of her own.
     Those are relation between the story and the author’s life. The other is about relation between the story and the social background of Ernest Hemingway in 20th century. It told us about a depressed and soul unoccupied by most of army that did not know and understand why the World War should be happened? What did they get from that World War? What was the important to do something by using weapon? and will there any “enough” word for World War?. It represents in the story when Frederic Henry was lost of belief in war until he was run off from that war and choose to live with Catherine in Swiss. He wanted to be human being as usual. In spite of that, he still figured as patriotic man. Although he’s American, but it doesn’t mean that he wasn’t lost of his love in Europe, especially in Italy. So, A Farewell to Arms novel has many reflections to the author’s life and the social background.

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